Setting: Paralympic Winter Games. Participants: Athletes, coaches, officials, workforce, volunteers, and media. Assessment of risk factors: Sport type: alpine, Nordic, and sledge hockey and curling. Participant type: athlete, workforce, and spectators. Terrain and speed. Main outcome measures: Medical encounters entered in database at competitive alpine skiing, biathlon, cross-country skiing, sledge hockey, and curling and noncompetitive Whistler and Vancouver Polyclinics, presentation centers, opening and closing ceremonies, media center, Paralympic Family Hotel venues.
The year-old suffered a career-ending gash to her knee playing for Motherwell Ladies last month. But some people have injuries really young and can't continue, so I have to be grateful that I've had a good career.
Winters was planning to make a decision about continuing in the game at the end of the season, but had to accept that she could no longer keep playing. She dropped down into the second division to play for Motherwell in , as the demands of training five nights a week with Celtic became too difficult to juggle with raising her three-year-old son, Oscar, with husband and former Dundee United and Hamilton striker David Winters.
The injury, sustained in a defeat to Hearts at Ravenscraig, left Winters with a decision to make that she already knew was approaching. There were no players near me, it wasn't like it was an impact tackle, and something on the astro slit my knee right open and missed the major tendon in my league by a centimetre, so it could have been a lot worse," Winters said.
I looked at my knee and there was a massive hole. At the time, I was just worried about my son seeing me in that condition, it was our last home game of the season so my family were there. New terms and age limits were established for IOC membership, and 15 former Olympic athletes were added to the committee. Stricter rules for future bids were imposed, with ceilings imposed on the value of gifts IOC members could accept from bid cities. According to the IOC, the host city is responsible for, " Nagano's economy did experience a two-year post-Olympic spurt, but the long term effects have not materialised as planned.
To mitigate these concerns the IOC has enacted several initiatives. First it has agreed to fund part of the host city's budget for staging the Games. This eliminates a large portion of the developing world.
This requires prospective host cities and the IOC, to plan with a view to the long-term economic and environmental impact that hosting the Olympics will have on the region. In the IOC began enacting drug testing protocols. They started by randomly testing athletes at the Winter Olympics.
It was not until the late s that international sporting federations began to coordinate efforts to standardise the drug-testing protocols. The Winter Olympics in Turin became notable for a scandal involving the emerging trend of blood doping, the use of blood transfusions or synthetic hormones such as Erythropoietin EPO to improve oxygen flow and thus reduce fatigue.
Avery Brundage , as president of the IOC from to , rejected all attempts to link the Olympics with commercial interests as he felt that the Olympic movement should be completely separate from financial influence.
This was due to a shift in ideology among IOC members, towards expansion of the Games through corporate sponsorship and the sale of television rights. Brundage's concerns proved prophetic. The IOC has charged more for television broadcast rights at each successive Games.
They have pressured the IOC to include new events, such as snowboarding, that appeal to broader television audiences. This has been done to boost ratings, which were slowly declining until the Games.
Instead of holding both in the same calendar year the committee decided to alternate them every two years, although both Games would still be held on four-year cycles. It was decided that staggering the Games would make it easier for corporations to sponsor individual Olympic Games, which would maximise revenue potential. The IOC sought to directly negotiate sponsorship contracts so that they had more control over the Olympic "brand".
It did not take long for the Cold War combatants to discover what a powerful propaganda tool the Olympic Games could be. Soviet and American politicians used the Olympics as an opportunity to prove the perceived superiority of their respective political systems. Irina Rodnina , three-time Olympic gold medallist in figure skating, was awarded the Order of Lenin after her victory at the Winter Olympics in Innsbruck.
It also approved financial rewards to medal-winning athletes. The Cold War created tensions amongst countries allied to the two superpowers. East Germany declined the invitation and instead sought international legitimacy separate from West Germany. The Winter Games have had only one national team boycott when Taiwan decided not to participate in the Winter Olympics held in Lake Placid. Despite numerous appeals and court hearings the IOC's decision stood.
When the Taiwanese athletes arrived at the Olympic village with their Republic of China identification cards they were not admitted. They subsequently left the Olympics in protest, just before the opening ceremonies. The country agreed to compete under a flag bearing the emblem of their National Olympic Committee and to play the anthem of their National Olympic Committee should one of their athletes win a gold medal. The agreement remains in place to this day. Chapter 1, article 6 of the edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as "sports which are practised on snow or ice.
The addition of these events has broadened the appeal of the Winter Olympics beyond Europe and North America. While European powers such as Norway and Germany still dominate the traditional Winter Olympic sports, countries such as South Korea, Australia and Canada are finding success in the new sports. The results are more parity in the national medal tables, more interest in the Winter Olympics and higher global television ratings. Demonstration sports have historically provided a venue for host countries to attract publicity to locally popular sports by having a competition without granting medals.
Demonstration sports were discontinued after Military patrol , a precursor to the biathlon , was a medal sport in and was demonstrated in , and , becoming an official sport in In the latter it's considered a national sport.
Moritz in It was composed of cross-country skiing , shooting , downhill skiing , fencing and equestrian. Olympics Wiki Explore. Olympic Games. Olympics Wiki. Community Portal About Policy. Explore Wikis Community Central. Register Don't have an account? Winter Olympic Games. Edit source History Talk 0. Retrieved on International Olympic Committee. Sports Reference LLC. Moritz
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