The study considered printing companies that have sheet-fed offset presses. However, the approach of a qualitative method to investigate data selection and collection is diffe e t, although the p o esses a e si ila I id.
The sele tio p o ess fo the pa ti ipa ts as random, and the study focus was in Dublin and its environs. Creswell Ibid: stresses the need to i di ate the u e of people i the sa ple a d the p o edu es used to o pute this u e. May argues that The self-completed questionnaire sequence is relatively better to be arranged social-ps hologi all athe tha logi all.
The questionnaire was well-structured, and surveymonkey. B ook asse ts that the ost effe ti e ethod of do u e ti g a i p o e e t p oje t is through use of a project working file that is written as a presentation, kept updated as a presentation, a d st u tu ed lea l a ou d DMAIC phases Brook, This study explored the DMAIC roadmap to define, measure, analyse, improve and control the print quality and productivity on offset sheet operating systems.
The author, with the assistance of the supervisor, considered the following eleven factors when designing the self- questionnaire, as indicated by May They were all printing operation and management-related.
The study ran for almost two months on surveymonkey. However, due to low online response, the author then printed out the questionnaire, bound them together, and manually passed around then to random respondents. Walliman explains that O se atio is a ethod of e o di g conditions, events and activities through the non-i uisito ial i ol e e t of the esea he Walliman, The author intended to use this method to evaluate and analyse the operational procedures of sheet-fed offset press.
Creswell states that researchers collect data on an instrument or test e. Therefore, the choice requires selected which design can be best utilised to examine a subject Creswell: According to Smith, Todd and Waldman, the fi st stage i ua titati e data a al sis is getti g ou data i to a fo at that ou a a al se Smith, Todd and Waldman, For this study, quantitative research methodology was used as the primary research method so that the data selection and collection could be analysed and interpreted by using tables, charts and statistical methods.
A o di g to B a , se o da a al sis is the a al sis of data by researchers who will probably not have been involved in the collection of those data, for purposes that in all likelihood were not e isaged those espo si le fo the data olle tio B a , :.
The secondary data used in this study, as shown in the literature review, made reference to books, paper articles, academic journals and any other relevant newspapers or online sources. The author engaged in the secondary research study in advance, so this afforded an in-depth knowledge of the topic before carrying out the survey. Creswell recommends the following research plan: a table with numbers and percentages showing the respondents and non-respondents and vital information about data selection, collection and analysis.
The recommended research plans were put into consideration during the discussion and data analysis. May stressed that The i itial phase ill involve describing the sample survey data using tables, g aphs a d des ipti e statisti s Ma , :.
The autho a al sed a d i te p eted the data usi g tables, charts and statistical methods. This study used the questionnaire response to collect and analyse data so that the research question could be tested. The results were illustrated through use of tables and figures.
There were 9 respondents from surveymonkey. As a student, economic reasons also prevented the researcher from going beyond this scope. In addition, the author was not allowed to carry out press observation for the study in other printing companies because of staff restrictions in the printing companies in Ireland.
Respondents were sampled using the Survey Monkey platform and a hard copy was distributed manually to boost the total number of respondents. A detailed overview of the survey methodology has been described in chapter two. The survey questionnaire was divided into two categories. The first was for the Sheet-fed offset press operator 15 questions and the other for the management 13 questions.
This study was intended to examine the operation of a sheet-fed offset press, the problems and their causes and the strategic management required to prevent operating problems or to provide possible solutions 4. This shows that most of the sheet-fed offset presses put in place a strategic operational guideline to prevent and correct any print defects that could affect the print quality.
Quality Management Question 3 Do you have a standard operating procedure for press operations, including-make ready? Question 4 How do you benchmark make-ready time? Six respondents specified how they benchmark make-ready in their organisations. Some of the respondents indicated that it was done manually and that it depends on availability of jobs, requirements, processes and sizes, whereas another group said it depended on the press a ufa tu e s a ual a d the last g oup e h a ked th ough the o t ol s ste ith the aid of automatic units.
Thus, the settings were achieved and recorded for future make-ready lists. Out of nine respondents, only five showed interest in this question.
According to those, the impacts on planned make-ready time dependent on jo s a aila ilit , ualit of su st ate, olou issues, mechanical or operator issues. Other factors were substandard material delivery, files availability and queries at the prepress and press stages. Question 6 Do you have a preventive maintenance policy for your printing equipment? Interestingly, all the respondents chose YES, not including those that did not participate in the management part of the survey questions.
The respondents stated that the person in charge of preventive maintenance was either the preventive manager, maintenance manager, maintenance officer, safety manager, or the press operators. Question 8 If no, how then do you look after your equipment? There were no respondents for this question Question 9 How much downtime own plant do you experience because of machine break down? Five respondents indicated that it all depended on the age of the press, press condition, press run and press maintenance, while the others skipped the question.
Question 10 What repair costs have you had in the last year? The majority received no customer complaints, while two respondents had received between two to 15 complaints within the last year as regards to print quality. Question 13 Who approves conformance to standard at the make-ready stage of the job? The approval of quality and standard at the make-ready stage in most of the printing organisations depends on the organisational chart or hierarchy of each firm.
All the respondents gave different opinions to this particular question. According to the respondents, the approval is given by either the production manager, management, operation manager, quality manager or supervisor. The standard operating procedure in relation to make-ready was observed by The remaining one respondent skipped it.
The options were as follows: every year; whenever required; and never. Figure 7 shows that The latter options were not included in the questionnaire.
The result shows that As such, their skills were based on the initial vocational training they had prior to their employment and job experience.
The majority of the respondents, Figure 11 shows that Figure 13 shows the results as being not so often weekly The respondents were asked what level of automation their equipment had to support the level of make-ready in their various printing houses.
Figure 15 shows that Others specified that their equipment automation included head switch, semi-automatic proofing and colour system. Subsequent Make-Ready 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Figure17 4. Figure 17 shows that five respondents each ran between , , , and sheets as typical run length, while and sheets were run by two respondents each, and six respondents ran sheets.
Figure19 4. This, i tu e ha es the o petiti e ess of the o ga izatio. It is very important to put a quality management system in place; in other words, an offset printing ualit sta da ds he klist is esse tial fo a p ess oo. The usto e s job should be well defined according to the job specification or job ticket prior to the prepress and press operations. The quantity of the paper, size of the job, required colour, plate and ink should be identified by an expert s.
Walle lai s that a strategic plan is the detail of how an organization proposes to arrive at its desired o je ti es Walle , :. The p i ti g a ia les eed to e he ked as pla ed o di e ted equipment suppliers and a standard operating procedure should be followed accordingly, because this will enhance the make-ready and the press operations, which, in turn, improves the quality of print output, increases customer satisfaction and gives the firm a competitive advantage over other firms in the printing industry.
Management should effectively communicate the strategic operational plan to the staff and operators should be aware of all the pressroom variables that can affect the operations and print quality. In answering this research objective, poor print quality could be avoided when all the printing variables a e easu ed, data a e olle ted a d iti all a al sed efo e p ess ope atio s. The p i a esea h has sho that the impacts on planned make-ready time depend on job availability, colour issues, quality of the substrate, files availability and customer demand.
Preparation of the sheet fed-offset press is known as ake- ead. It sta ts he the fi al p i ted jo has ee do e a d the p ess is set up fo the e t new production job Faux, The printing variables, such as work specification, pile, feeder, feed-board, sheet registration devices, dampers, ink and other variables should be examined and accurately measured.
The result for initial make-ready shows that, for The autho a ted to k o if the a hi e ope ato s e e technically qualified to measure and examine the printing processes during press operation. Thus, the primary search shows that all the press minders were qualified to handle the print quality that will satisfy customer needs as the result indicated that the operators have at least one the following qualifications: National Craft Certificate, Senior Trades Certificate or National Vocational qualification, and that they also received further training from the equipment suppliers.
Participants in this survey indicated that the standard operating procedure was available in the press houses and they were strictly abiding by it in relation to make-ready and that the policy could be e ie ed a uall o he e e e ui ed, as the ase a e.
It is important to use job analysis for evaluation of print jobs right from the start through to the end of the production. So, hat is jo a al sis?
A o di g to P oje t People s e site, Jo a al sis is a systematic process for collecting and analysing information about jobs. Job analysis provides information about the work performed and the work environment. It also identifies the knowledge, skills, a ilities a d pe so al o pete ies people eed to pe fo thei ok ell www. The job description can be broken down into different categories for further assessment; paper would be loaded and plates would be mounted on the press.
Primary search shows that benchmark make-ready time is set according to the available jobs, control s ste o a ufa tu e s a ual. The efo e, o e t setti g of da pi g s ste , egist atio s ste and ink control, as well as other printing variables, could prevent printing-related problems like curling, picking, show-through, strike-through, creasing, poor drying, scumming, doubling and other factors that could reduce print quality. The research question has been tested and confirmed that controlling printing variables during make- ready reduces downtime and increases efficiency, effectiveness, productivity and profitability.
Thus, as most of the respondents had received no complaints from their customers in the previous year for poor quality job, this could be taken as meaning that adequate measures were taken to ensure that all printing variables were well managed during and after operations.
OBJECTIVE To improve on a quality printing job I o ki g to a hie e a d i p o e ualit p i t jo s, Da is a gues that a ope atio s a age ust full u de sta d the o pa s p odu ts o se i es, the p o ess a d p o ess te h ologies used to manufacture the products or provide the services, and the operating systems, methods and te h i ues that go e the t a sfo atio p o ess Da is, , p.
The su e sho s that, according to the respondents, conformance to standard at the make-ready stage at press houses was done either by the production manager, operations manager, quality manager or supervisor. These categories of people have the technical knowledge, skill and experience to maintain and sustain the press quality standard as part of the strategic operational plan in any organisation.
Dale, Wiele a d I aa de e plai that espo si ilit fo ualit se i e lies ith ope atio s, a keti g, hu a resources and other management- o ki g togethe ithi a o ga izatio Dale, Wiele a d Iwaarden, , p. The research study sampled both the operator and management in the survey so that the research question could be viewed from both perspectives. Pe a d Ba o stated that The ealit is that o pa ies that do ot p oa ti el e e thei portfolios of products are likely to find themselves being acquired o si pl out of usi ess Pe and Bacon, , p.
Therefore, Six Sigma techniques are used to collect customer requirement data, ide tif usto e s eeds a d p odu t data, desig the p odu tio p o ess, easu e the performance of the new product or service, and evaluate how well it matches up with the current business environment.
OBJECTIVE To control and sustain the standard of a quality printing job The fi di gs ithi this stud ha e oade ed the autho s k o ledge, ideas a d skills within the field of operations, strategy and management areas. Six Sigma uses several quality management techniques, such as customer focus, leadership, involvement of people, decision-making and statistical methods.
This is aimed for the sustainability and quality control of print jobs, and increases efficiency, effectiveness and productivity. The Six Sigma DMAIC define, measure, analyse, improve, control process is designed to identify and implement process enhancements within the organisation. The author has found it relevant and useful for quality evaluation, operational and job analysis. Gi e the su e s esult, this study has proved that strategic operation management is important in sheet-fed offset press operation.
The data selection, collection and analysis were critically defined, measured, analysed, improved and controlled to prevent any deviation from the original topic. Therefore, the author used his over 20 years experience in the printing industry, along with the primary and secondary research, to examine and evaluate the problems, causes and remedies on the sheet-fed press practically. The author discovered, through primary and secondary research, that press automation and innovative sheet-fed offset presses have improved the quality of print jobs and reduced downtime, as well as press operations having been increased efficiently and effectively.
Productivity, marketing and sales have been improved as well, as a result of the rapid growth of technology. This study is meant to serve as a reference point for students and printers, to help them provide possible strategic management for major printing-related problems on a sheet-fed offset press. The researcher believes that, if appropriate measures are put in place, the ink, dampen, paper, machine and operational problems could be prevented. Strategic management can be used to enhance print or product quality and customer satisfaction.
It can be used in problem-solving analysis, decision-making, internal marketing, and customer needs and human resources management.
Therefore, the researcher recommends that: a Appropriate machine maintenance should be carried out on the presses regularly, according to manufacturer specification b The a ufa tu e s a ual should e utilised c Speed limit of the presses should be maintained d A qualified press minder should man the press e Paper should be stored in an appropriate place at normal paper temperature Furthermore, it is very important for any printer to keep abreast of the rapid growth of technology and to review his or her operational strategy periodically, so that he or she can keep moving with the times in order to remain a market leader and increase the barrier of entry to prevent new entrants taking his or her market share and for gaining competitive advantage over others in the industry.
The research has proved that Six Sigma roadmap DMAIC is a relevant method that can be used in the print and digital media industry, for both established and new entrant firms. Berg, B. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences, 8th ed. New Jersey: Pearson Education. Bordens, K. Brue, G. Bryman, A.
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Oakland, J. Total Quality Management: the route to improving performance 2 nd ed. Offset Lithography. Perry, R. NJ: Prentice Hall. Porter, D. Print Management; Surrey: Pira International. Please read before you purchase. We combine shipping! It is impossible for Ebay's shipping calculator to be accurate. It cannot tell how we package your items in what size cartons. That said. Shipping costs on multiple item purchases may be higher than they need to be.
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